The Rise of Modernism: Art of the Later 19th Century
	Industrialization, Urbanization, And Expanding Global Consciousness :: The Development of Modernism :: Fin-De-Siècle Culture ::Other Architecture in The Later 19th Century
	INDUSTRIALIZATION, URBANIZATION, AND EXPANDING GLOBAL CONSCIOUSNESS In the third quarter of the nineteenth century, the so-called Second Industrial Revolution in the fields of steel, electricity, chemicals, and oil, provided the foundation for developments in plastics, machinery, building construction, and automobile manufacturing and paved the way for the invention of the radio, electric light, telephone, and electric streetcar. Industrialization and the migration of rural dwellers to urban centers led to growth in the number and size of cities. Reaffirming a faith in science: Advances in industrial technology reinforced the Enlightenment's foundation of rationalism. The widespread faith in science was supported by empiricism and positivism. The survival of the fittest: Interest in science was also increased by Charles Darwin and his theory of natural selection. His ideas, which contrasted sharply with the biblical narrative of Creation, contributed to a growing secular attitude. Social Darwinism developed when Darwin's principles were applied to the socioeconomic sphere. It was argued that only the most economically fit companies, enterprises, and countries survived in a competitive world. The logic of Social Darwinism served to justify Western racism, imperialism, nationalism, and militarism. Karl Marx and class struggle: Karl Marx believed that scientific, rational law governed nature and all human history. He argued that economic forces based on class struggle induced historical change. The constant opposition between those who controlled the means of production and those whose labor was exploited to benefit the wealthy and powerful created a dynamic ("dialectical materialism") that caused change. Marx's goal of creating a socialist state appealed to the laboring classes and many intellectuals and gave rise to trade unions and socialist groups. Colonizing the world: Industrialization required the use of a wide variety of natural resources, which led to the exploitation of foreign resources through colonization. Social Darwinism supported the concept of racial and national hierarchies and justified the colonization of "less advanced" peoples and cultures around the world by the major Western economic and political powers.
	Industrialization, Urbanization, And Expanding Global Consciousness :: The Development of Modernism :: Fin-De-Siècle Culture ::Other Architecture in The Later 19th Century