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The Age of Pilgrims and Crusaders: Romanesque Art ROMANESQUE EUROPE ARCHITECTURE The "White Robe of the Church": The construction of new churches was widespread. Southern France A New Church for French Pilgrims: Saint-Sernin is an example of the new church of the "pilgrimage type". 17-1 Aerial view (from the southeast) of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, France, ca. 1070–1120. 17-2 Plan of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, France, ca. 1070–1120 (after Kenneth John Conant). 17-3 Interior of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, France, ca. 1070–1120. Fighting Fire with Stone Vaults: Stone vaults reduced the risk of fire. An Earthly Dwelling Place for Angels: The stone-vaulted monastery church at Cluny (Cluny III) was the largest in Europe. Germany and Lombardy A Problem Solved: Groin Vaults: Groin vaults permitted the introduction of a clerestory. A Daring German Experiment: The design of Speyer Cathedral follows a modular scheme and employs an alternate-support system in the nave. 17-4 Interior of Speyer Cathedral, Germany, begun 1030; nave vaults, ca. 1082–1106. 17-5 Plan of Speyer Cathedral, Germany, begun 1030. Innovative Rib Vaulting in Lombardy:_ The modular scheme and alternate-support system employed at Sant'Ambrogio in Milan created a series of domical ribbed groin vaults. 17-6 Sant'Ambrogio (view from the northwest), Milan, Italy, late eleventh to early twelfth century. 17-7 Plan of Sant'Ambrogio, Milan, Italy, late 11th to early 12th century. 17-8 Arial View of Sant'Ambrogio, Milan, Italy, late eleventh to early twelfth century. Normandy and England A Church for England's Conqueror: The twin-towered façade of the church of Saint-Étienne at Caen is divided into three bays. The nave employs an alternating system of compound piers with engaged half-columns and piers with half-columns attached to pilasters that rise through three stories to support rib vaults. 17-9 West façade of Saint-Étienne, Caen, France, begun 1067. 17-10 Interior of Saint-Étienne, Caen, France, vaulted ca. 1115-1120. 17-11 Plan of Saint-Étienne, Caen, France. Romanesque on the Scottish Border: Durham Cathedral alternates large ornamented pillars with compound piers that support a series of seven-part groin vaults each covering two bays. It is the earliest example of ribbed groin vaults placed over a three-story nave. 17-12 Interior of Durham Cathedral, England, begun ca. 1093. 17-13 Plan and transverse section of Durham Cathedral, England, (after Kenneth John Conant). Tuscany A Cathedral with Unstable Belltower: The cathedral complex at Pisa comprises a cathedral, a free-standing bell tower, and a baptistery. The cathedral has a timber ceiling and a nave arcade of reused classical columns. Arcaded galleries decorate the exterior of the leaning bell tower. 17-14 Cathedral complex, Pisa, Italy; cathedral begun 1063; baptistery begun 1153; campanile begun 1174. 17-15 Interior of Pisa Cathedral, Pisa, Italy, begun 1063. A Romanesque Baptistery in Florence: The exterior of the octagonal Baptistery in Florence is decorated with polychrome marble incrustation. 17-16 Baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence, Italy, begun 1053.
Old and New in a Florentine Basilica: Geometric polychrome
marble incrustation decorate the exterior of San Miniato al Monte,
while the inside of the nave is divided by diaphragm arches and
roofed with timber.
17-17 West façade
of San Miniato al Monte, Florence, Italy, 1062 and 12th century.
17-18
Interior of San Miniato al Monte, Florence, Italy, 1062 and 12th
century.
ROMANESQUE EUROPE
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