Glossary Chapter 1 conceptual skill the ability to see the organization as a whole, how the different parts affect each other, and how the company fits into or is affected by its environment controlling monitoring progress toward goal achievement and taking corrective action when needed disseminator role the informational role managers play when they share information with others in their departments or companies disturbance handler role the decisional role managers play when they respond to severe problems that demand immediate action effectiveness accomplishing tasks that help fulfil organizational objectives efficiency getting work done with minimum of effort, expense, or waste entrepreneur role the decisional role managers play when they adapt themselves, their subordinates, and their units to incremental change figurehead role the interpersonal role managers play when they perform ceremonial duties first-line managers managers who train and supervise performance of nonmanagerial employees and who are directly responsible for producing the company’s products or services human skill the ability to work well with others leader role the interpersonal role managers play when they motivate and encourage workers to accomplish organizational objectives leading inspiring and motivating workers to work hard to achieve organizational goals liaison role the interpersonal role managers play when they deal with people outside their units management getting work done through others meta-analysis a study of studies, a statistical approach that provides the best scientific estimate of how well management theories and practices work middle managers managers responsible for setting objectives consistent with top management’s goals, and planning and implementing subunit strategies for achieving these objectives monitor role the informational role managers play when they scan their environment for information motivation to manage an assessment of how enthusiastic employees are about managing the work of others negotiator role the decisional role managers play when they negotiate schedules, projects, goals, outcomes, resources, and employee raises organizing deciding where decisions will be made, who will do what jobs and tasks, who will work for whom planning choosing a goal and developing a strategy to achieve that goal resource allocator role the decisional role managers play when they decide who gets what resources spokesperson role the informational role managers play when they share information with people outside their departments or companies team leaders managers responsible for facilitating team activities toward goal accomplishment technical skills the ability to apply the specialized procedures, techniques, and knowledge required to get the job done top managers executives responsible for the overall direction of the organization