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Chapter 5
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acquisition cost
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the cost of obtaining data that you don’t have
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application sharing
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communications system that allows two or more people in different locations to make changes in a document by sharing control of the software application running on one computer
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association or affinity patterns
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when two or more database elements tend to occur together in a significant way
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bar code
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a visual pattern that represents numerical data by varying the thickness and pattern of vertical bars
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communication cost
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the cost of transmitting information from one place to another
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conferencing system
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communications system that lets two or more users in different locations see and talk to each other as if they were in the same room
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data clusters
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when three or more database elements occur together (i.e., cluster) in a significant way
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data encryption
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transforms data into complex, scrambled digital codes that can only be unencrypted by authorized users who possess unique decryption keys
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data mining
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the process of discovering unknown patterns and relationships in large amounts of data
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data warehouse
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stores huge amounts of data that have been prepared for data-mining analysis by being cleaned of errors and redundancy
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decision support system (DSS)
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an information system that helps managers to understand specific kinds of problems and potential solutions and to analyze the impact of different decision options using “what if” scenarios
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desktop videoconferencing
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communications system that allows two or more people in different locations to use video cameras and computer monitors to see and hear each other and share documents
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document conferencing
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communications system that allows two or more people in different locations to simultaneously view and make comments about a document
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electronic data interchange (EDI)
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the direct electronic transmission of purchase and ordering information from one company’s computer system to another company’s computer system
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electronic scanner
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an electronic device that converts printed text and pictures into digital images
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expert system
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information system that contains the specialized knowledge and decision rules used by experts and experienced decision makers, so that nonexperts can draw on this knowledge base to make decisions
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extranet
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allows companies to exchange information and conduct transactions with outsiders by providing them direct, Web-based access to authorized parts of a company’s intranet or information system
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firewall
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hardware or software device that sits between the computers in an internal organizational network and outside networks, such as the Internet
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first-mover advantage
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the strategic advantage that companies earn by being the first to use new information technology to substantially lower costs or to make a product or service different from competitors
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freeware
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computer software that is free to whoever wants it
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information
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useful data that can influence people’s choices and behaviour
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Internet
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a global network of networks that allows users to send and retrieve data from anywhere in the world
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intranets
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private company networks that allow employees to easily access, share, and publish information using Internet software
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knowledge
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the understanding that one gains from information
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Moore’s law
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prediction that every 18 months, the cost of computing will drop by 50 percent as computer-processing power doubles
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optical character recognition
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software to convert digitized documents into ASCII text (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) that can be searched, read, and edited by word processing and other kinds of software
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predictive patterns
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help identify database elements that are different
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processing cost
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the cost of turning raw data into usable information
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processing information
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transforming raw data into meaningful information
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protecting information
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the process of insuring that data are reliably and consistently retrievable in a usable format for authorized users, but no one else
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raw data
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facts and figures
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retrieval cost
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the cost of accessing already-stored and processed information
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sequence patterns
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when two or more database elements occur together in a significant pattern, but one of the elements precedes the other
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shareware
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computer software that you can try before you buy, but if you keep it beyond the trial period, usually 30 days, you must buy it
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storage cost
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the cost of physically or electronically archiving information for later use and retrieval
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supervised data mining
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user tells the data mining software to look and test for specific patterns and relationships in a data set
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unsupervised data mining
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user simply tells the data mining software to uncover whatever patterns and relationships it can find in a data set
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virtual private network
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encrypts Internet data at both ends of the transmission process
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virus
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a program or piece of code that attaches itself to other programs on your computer and can trigger anything from a harmless flashing message to the reformatting of your hard drive to the system-wide network shutdown
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