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Chapter 11
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CAC
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CCP Central Advisory Committee.
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Cadre
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Term used to define the permanent, professional members of a party, especially in the communist world.
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Campaign
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In China (and to a lesser degree the former Soviet Union), policies in which the party seeks to reach its goals by mobilizing people.
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Capitalist roader
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Derogatory term used to label moderate CCP leaders during the Cultural Revolution.
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Central Advisory Committee
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Informal group of senior Chinese Communist leaders in the 1980s.
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Central Committee
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Supposedly the most important body in a communist party; its influence declined as it grew in size and the party needed daily leadership.
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Chen Duxiu
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Founder of the Chinese Communist Party.
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Chiang Kai-shek
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Nationalist president of China before 1949 and later of the government in exile on Taiwan.
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Confucianism
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Chinese philosophical and religious tradition stressing, among other things, order and hierarchy.
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Cult of personality
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In communist and other systems, the excessive adulation of a single leader.
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Cultural Revolution
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The period of upheaval in China from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s.
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Democracy Movement
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Protests by Chinese students and others that culminated in the Tiananmen Square disaster of 1989 in Beijing.
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Democracy Wall
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Literally, a wall on which Chinese dissidents wrote “big-character posters” in the late 1970s.
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Democratic centralism
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The Leninist organizational structure that concentrates power in the hands of the party elite.
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Deng Xiaoping
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De facto ruler of China from the late 1970s to 1997.
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Extraterritoriality
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Portions of China, Japan, and Korea where European law operated during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
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Faction
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An organized group on ideological or other lines operating inside a political party.
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Falun Gong
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Chinese spiritual movement suppressed by the government since the late 1990s.
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Fang Lizhi
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Physicist and leading Chinese dissident, now living in exile in the United States.
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Four modernizations
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A policy first introduced by Zhou Enlai and championed by Deng Xiaoping, focusing on developing industry, the military, agriculture, and science in China.
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Gang of Four
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Radical leaders in China during the Cultural Revolution, led by Jiang Ching, Mao’s wife.
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Great Leap Forward
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Failed Chinese campaign of the late 1950s to speed up development.
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Hundred Flowers Campaign
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Reformist Chinese campaign in the mid-1950s.
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Jiang Qing
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Fourth (and last) wife of Mao Zedong and one of the leaders of the Gang of Four, a radical faction in the CCP during the Cultural Revolution.
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Jiang Zemin
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President of China and successor to Deng Xiaoping.
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KMT
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Chinese Nationalist Party; overthrown on mainland China by CCP; in power on Taiwan.
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Kuomintang
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The Chinese Nationalist Party, which was nominally in power from 1911 to 1949; now in charge on Taiwan.
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Lin Biao
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Head of the PLA and designated successor to Mao Zedong; died in mysterious circumstances after a failed coup attempt in 1972.
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Liu Shaoqi
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Moderate CCP politician and designated successor to Mao Zedong; died during the Cultural Revolution.
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Long March
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Retreat by the CCP in the mid-1930s, which turned into one of its strengths in recruiting support.
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MAC
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China’s Military Affairs Committee.
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Mass line
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Chinese Communist principle that stressed “learning from the masses.”
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May Fourth Movement
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Chinese protest movement triggered by opposition to the Treaty of Versailles; a major step in the path leading to the creation and victory of CCP.
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Military Affairs Committee
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One of the leading groups of the CCP under Deng Xiaoping.
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Nationalist Party
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The Kuomintang, the ruling party in China before the CCP victory; in power on Taiwan.
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Nomenklatura
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The Soviet system of lists that facilitated the CPSU’s appointment of trusted people to key positions. Adopted by other communist regimes.
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People’s Liberation Army
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China’s military.
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People’s Republic of China
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Official name of the Chinese state.
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PLA
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People’s Liberation Army in China.
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Politburo
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Generic term used to describe the leadership of communist parties.
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PRC
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People’s Republic of China.
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Red Guard
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Radical students and other young supporters of Mao Zedong during the Cultural Revolution.
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Red versus expert
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Debate in China pitting ideologues against supporters of economic development.
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SEZ
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Special economic zones in China.
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Sino-Soviet split
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Tensions between the USSR and China that rocked the communist world.
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Special Economic Zone
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Cities and regions in China in which foreigners are allowed to invest.
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Standing Committee
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The subcommittee that runs the Politburo in China.
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Sun Yat-sen
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President of China after the 1911 revolution.
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Tiananmen Square
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Symbolic heart of Chinese politics; site in Beijing of protests and massacre in 1989.
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Unit
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The basic body assuring work, housing, and welfare to which most urban Chinese were assigned before economic reforms took hold.
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Warlord
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Prerevolutionary Chinese leaders who controlled a region or other relatively small part of the country.
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Wei Jingsheng
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Major Chinese dissident, now in exile in the United States.
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Zhou Enlai
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Number two to Mao Zedong in China from 1949 until his death in 1975.
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Zhu Rongji
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Currently prime minister of China.
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