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Chapter 13
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Akali Dal
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The Sikh-based party in Punjab, India.
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Ayodhya
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Site of a disputed mosque/temple that sparked communal violence in India for much of the 1990s.
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Bharatiya Janata Party
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The Hindu party that won the 1998 election, often referred to as fundamentalist.
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Bhindranwale, Jarnail Singh
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Radical Sikh leader killed during the attack on the Golden Temple in 1984.
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BJP
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Bhatriya Janata Party, India’s fundamentalist party, in power from 1998 to 1999.
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BMS
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Bharatiya Mozdoon Sangh (Indian Union).
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British East India Company
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Private company that colonized India until the 1850s.
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Caste
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Groups into which Hindu society is divided, each with its own distinctive rules for all areas of social behavior.
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Dalit
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Term to describe untouchables in India.
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Desai, Morarji
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First non-Congress prime minister of India.
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Emergency Rule
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Provisions in the Indian constitution that allows a prime minister to rule by decree. Used by Indira Gandhi from 1975 to 1977.
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First past the post
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Electoral system based on single-member districts in which the candidate who receives the most votes wins.
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Gandhi, Indira
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Prime minister of India, 1966–75 and 1979–84, daughter of Nehru, mother of Rajiv Gandhi; assassinated in 1984.
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Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand
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Leader of the Indian National Congress in the twenty years before independence.
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Gandhi, Rajiv
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Prime minister of India, 1984–89, assassinated in 1991; son of Indira and grandson of Nehru.
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Government of India Act
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The 1858 law that turned most of India into a formal British colony.
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Green Revolution
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In India and elsewhere, the technological improvements and introduction of new seed varieties that drastically improved agricultural production and eliminated widespread starvation.
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IAS
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Indian Administrative Service.
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INC
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Indian National Congress; Iraqi National Congress.
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Indian Administrative Service
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The bureaucratic elite today.
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Indian Civil Service
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The bureaucratic elite during colonial rule.
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Indian National Congress
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The leader of the struggle for India’s independence and the dominant party since then.
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IRDP
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India’s Integrated Rural Development Program.
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Janata (Dal)
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Loose coalitions that unseated Congress in the late 1970s and 1980s in India.
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Jati
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In India, a subcaste with its own rules, customs, and so forth.
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Lok Sabha
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The all-important lower house of the Indian parliament.
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Microcredit
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Lending and development strategy that stresses small loans for new businesses, developed by the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh.
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Mughals
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The Muslims who invaded and dominated India beginning in the sixteenth century.
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Narasimha Rao, P.V.
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Prime minister of India, 1991–96.
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Nehru, Jawaharlal
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Indian leader before independence, and prime minister, 1949–64.
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Patron-client relations
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Neofeudal relations in which “patrons” gain the support of “clients” through the mutual exchange of benefits and obligations.
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Permit raj
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In India, the system of government rules and regulations that required state approval of most enterprises.
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Presidential Rule
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In India, the government’s power to remove elected state officials and replace them with appointees from Delhi.
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Raja Sabha
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The weaker upper house of the Indian parliament.
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Rashtriya Swayamsevah Sangh (RSS)
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A fundamentalist Hindu group and a precursor of the BJP.
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RSS
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India’s Rastriya Swayamsevak Sangh Party.
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Swaraj
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The Indian movement for independence and self-rule.
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Syndicate
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Indian Congress leaders who ended up opposing Indira Gandhi.
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Untouchable
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Indians outside of and “below” the caste system; abolished legally with independence.
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Vajpayee, Atal Bihari
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BJP prime minister of India, 1998–1999.
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VHP
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Vishwa Hindu Parishad, India’s Worldwide Hindu Brotherhood.
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