Glossary Chapter 16 Camarilla In Mexico and elsewhere in Latin America, a politician’s personal following in a patron-client relationship. CFE Former (and corrupt) Mexican electoral commission. Confederation of Mexican Workers The official trade union affiliated with the PRI. Corporatism In Europe, arrangements through which government, business, and labor leaders cooperatively set microeconomic or macroeconomic policy, normally outside of the regular electoral legislative process. In Mexico and elsewhere in the third world, another term to describe the way people are integrated into the system via patron-client relations. CTM The Confederation of Mexican Workers, Mexico’s leading trade union. Cárdenas, Cuautémoc Son of Lazaro Cárdenas, founder of the PRD, and first elected mayor of Mexico City. Cárdenas, Lazaro President of Mexico, 1934–40. The last radical reformer to hold the office. De la Madrid, Miguel President of Mexico, 1982–88, introduced structural adjustment reforms. Debt crisis The massive accumulation of loans taken out by third world countries and owed to northern banks and governments from the 1970s onward. Debt trap The inability of third world countries to pay back their loans to northern creditors. Diaz, Porfirio Introduced the principle of nonreelection into Mexican politics; ironically de facto dictator of the country for a quarter-century in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Electoral alchemy The way Mexican governments have used fraud to rig elections. EZLN Zapatista guerrilla movement in Chiapas, Mexico. Federal Election Commission The old (and corrupt) body that supervised elections in Mexico. Federal Electoral Institute Created before the 1997 election to provide more honest management of elections in Mexico than its predecessor, the Federal Election Commission. Fox, Vicente First non-PRI president of Mexico, elected in 2000. Gobernación The ministry in charge of administration in Mexico; until recently, a post often held by politicians before becoming president. Guerrero A poor province (though it includes Acapulco) in which rebels are fighting the Mexican government. IFE Current and more autonomous electoral commission in Mexico. Immigration Reform and Control Act U.S. law, passed in 1986, that limits the rights of immigrants, especially those from Mexico. Import substitution Development strategy that uses tariffs and other barriers to imports, and therefore stimulates domestic industries. Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) The party that governed Mexico from 1927 to 2000. Maquiladora Factories in Mexico (initially on the U.S. border, now anywhere) that operated tax-free in manufacturing goods for export. Mestizo Term used to describe Mexicans of mixed racial origin. NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement, linking Mexico, Canada, and the United States. National Action Party (PAN) The leading right-of-center opposition party in Mexico. Newly industrializing countries The handful of countries such as South Korea that have developed a strong industrial base and grown faster than most of the third world. NIC Newly industrializing country. Nonreelection Principle in Mexican political life that bars politicians from holding office for two consecutive terms. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Agreement linking the economies of Canada, Mexico, and the United States. PAN National Action Party, the leading right-of-center opposition party in Mexico. Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) The leading left-of-center opposition party in Mexico. Patron-client relations Neofeudal relations in which “patrons” gain the support of “clients” through the mutual exchange of benefits and obligations. PEMEX Mexico’s nationalized petrochemical industry. Pendulum effect The notion that policies can shift from left to right as the balance of partisan power changes. In Mexico, reflects the fact that the PRI can move from one side to another on its own as circumstances warrant. PRD Party of the Democratic Revolution, Mexico’s main leftof- center opposition party. PRI Institutional Revolutionary Party, which ruled Mexico from 1927 to 2000. Salinas, Carlos de Gortari President of Mexico, 1988–94; continued structural adjustment reforms, currently living in exile because of his family’s involvement in scandals. Santa Anna, Antonio López de Nineteenth-century general and dictator responsible for Mexico’s losing more than a third of its territory to the United States. Sexeño The six-year term of a Mexican president. Structural adjustment Development strategy that stresses integration into global markets, privatization, and so on. Supported by the World Bank, IMF, and other major northern financial institutions. Zapatista Informal name for Mexican revolutionaries in Chiapas. Zedillo, Ernesto President of Mexico, 1994–2000.