Glossary Chapter 15 Abacha, Sani The military rule of Nigeria until his death in 1998. Abiola, Mashood The apparent winner of the 1993 Nigerian presidential election of 1993; he died in prison of unexplained causes five years later. Abubakar, Addulsalami Interim military leader of Nigeria in 1998. AD Alliance for Democracy in Nigeria AG Yoruba based political party in post-independence Nigeria ANPP All Nigeria Middle Belt People’s Party, the leading opposition party in Nigeria today Awolo, Obafemin A leading Igbo politicians and head of Biafra during the civil war in Nigeria in the last 1960s. Azikiwe, Nnamdi The leading Yoruba politician in post-independence Nigeria. Babangida, Ibrahim Military ruler of Nigeria in the 1990s and potential candidate in 1997. Balewam Tafawa One of the leaders of early independent Nigeria; killed in the first coup. Bello, Ahmedu One of the leaders of early independent Nigeria; killed in the first coup. Democratization The process of developing democratic states. Dual Mandate In Nigeria and elsewhere, the notion that colonial powers had to rule on their own and through local leaders at the same time. FEC Federal Executive Council of Nigeria FEDECO The national commission that monitored elections in earlier Nigerian republics Federalism Constitutional practice in which subnational units are granted considerable power. Hausa-Fulani The leading Muslim group in northern Nigeria. Igbo The leading ethnic group in south-eastern Nigeria. Often also spelled Ibo. Import substitution Development strategy that uses tariffs and other barriers to imports, and therefore stimulates domestic industries. Indirect rule British and other colonial procedures through which “natives” were used to carry out colonial rule. INEC The commission monitoring elections in Nigeria International Monetary Fund International agency that provides loans and other forms of assistance to countries with fiscal problems. Ironsi, Aguiyi The military rule of Nigeria during the Biafran war. Kano, Aminu A Muslim leader of early Nigeria. Macauley, Herbert The most important leader of the struggle for independence in Nigeria. NCBWA National Council of British West Africa; one of the leading groups advocating Nigerian independence. NCNC National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons; an Igbo based movement for Nigerian independence. NEPU Northern Elements Progressive Union; a left-of-center Muslim party in the Nigerian second republic. NNDP Nigerian National Democratic Party; one of the regionally based political parties in post independence Nigeria. NPC Northern People’s Congress; one of the Muslim based political parties during post-independence Nigeria. NPN National Party of Nigeria; a Muslim based political party during the Nigerian Second Republic. NPP Nigerian People’s Party; one of the major parties in post-independence Nigeria. NRC National Republican Convention; a leading independence movement in colonial Nigeria. NYM Nigerian Youth Movement; a leading proindependence movement in colonial Nigeria. Obasanjo, Olusegun President of Nigeria since 1999. Patron-client relations Neofeudal relations in which “patrons” gain the support of “clients” through the mutual exchange of benefits and obligations. PDP People’s Democratic Party; President Obasanjo’s party in Nigeria. Politics The process through which a community, state, or organization organizes and governs itself. PRP A very left-of-center party in Northern Nigeria during the second republic Saro-Wiwa Nigerian activist executed by the military government in 1996. SDP Britain’s former Social Democratic Party; also, one of the political parties in Nigeria during the very short-lived third republic. Shagari, Shehu President of Nigeria; overthrown in 1983 coup. Sharia Islamic legal code which many argue should supercede civil law in countries such as Iran and Nigeria. Structural adjustment Development strategy that stresses integration into global markets, privatization, and so on. Supported by the World Bank, IMF, and other major northern financial institutions. UMBC United Middle Belt Congress; a powerful force during the Nigerian second republic. UPN United Party of Nigeria; the main Yoruba party in Nigeria’s second republic. World Bank A major international lending agency for development projects based in Washington. Yoruba The leading ethnic group in southwestern Nigeria. Zero-sum game Political outcome in which one side wins and the other loses.