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Chapter 2
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brain drain
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the emigration by the brightest and best of a nation’s workplace talent to foreign countries.
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Buddhism
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an alternative to Hinduism; established mostly in Asian nations.
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caste system
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stratifies the entire society into four groups (varnas), each with an assigned class of work.
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Christianity
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the largest of the world's religions; adopted to some degree by about 30 percent of the world.
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class system
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social status determined by the family into which a person is born and subsequent socioeconomic achievements.
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Confucianism
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belief held by more than 225 million followers in China where loyalty to one superior is highly prized.
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cross-cultural literacy
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an awareness and understanding of cultural differences and how these differences can impact the conduct and success of businesses.
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cultural proxies
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the conduits by which ideas, beliefs, and values are transmitted.
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culture
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an agreed upon set of values, beliefs and norms by a definable segment of people.
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ethical values
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moral ‘ought to-do’s’ that sustain a civilized society.
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ethnocentric view
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holding a belief or demonstrating a behaviour that one's own ethnic group or culture is superior to others.
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extended family
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typically includes three or more generations in addition to the nuclear family.
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fertility rate
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the rate at which the population replaces itself.
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folkways
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norms grounded in acceptable social behaviour (e.g., good table manners).
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Hinduism
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seen by many as a way of life rather than a formal religion; practiced by more than 870 million of India's population.
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Islam
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the world’s second largest religion, followed by the majority in more than 35 countries.
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Judaism
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religious and ethical beliefs contained within the Hebrew Bible; dates back to the 6th century B.C.E.
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kosher
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food that meets the standards of Kashrut.
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mental models
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decision-making frameworks that are applied when presented with a situation that requires us to make a decision.
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mores
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customs and conventions that are strongly held by a definable culture. Transgression can bring sanctions.
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norms
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generally specific social rules and guidelines that prescribe the acceptable behaviour of a member of a definable society.
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nuclear family
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typically includes parents and their children.
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Protestant work ethic
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type of ethics that focuses on hard work, wealth creation (for the glory of God), frugality, and the accumulation of capital for investment.
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religion
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a system of shared beliefs and rituals concerned with the role of the sacred.
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Shintoism
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the indigenous religion of Japan; arose around 500 B.C.E. from legends and without a founder or sacred text.
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social mobility
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the ease with which members of a society can move up or down the “ladder” of social status.
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split-run magazine
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a Canadian edition of a magazine published originally in another country that has basically the same content as the original but replaces more than 5 percent of its original advertisements with ads targeted to Canadians.
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values and beliefs
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abstract ideas relating to the concept of what is good and what is bad.
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