Winston Churchill, The Sinews of Peace Harry S. Truman - Truman Doctrine Harry S. Truman - Loyalty Oath Harry S. Truman - Marshall Plan McCarran Internal Security Act Truman's veto Charles Maier, The Two Postwar Eras and the Conditions for Stability in Twentieth-Century Western Europe Charles Maier, Phases of the Cold War, 1945-1990 Brezhnev Doctrine

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Winston Churchill, "Iron Curtain" Speech Joseph Stalin, Reply to Churchill The North Atlantic Treaty The U-2 Incident USA and USSR: Exchange of Notes on the Berlin Wall Nikita Khrushchev, Speech to the RFSR Teacher's Conference John F. Kennedy, The Lesson of Cuba United Nations, Cuban Missile Crisis Debate John F. Kennedy, Address on the Cuban Crisis US Atomic Energy Commission, In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer The Eisenhower Doctrine on the Middle East TASS, Statement on the Eisenhower Doctrine John Foster Dulles, Dynamic Peace Nikita Khrushchev and Dwight D. Eisenhower, Summit Statements Nikita Khrushchev, Address to the UN General Assembly John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address John F. Kennedy, Towards a Strategy of Peace John F. Kennedy, The Space Challenge Senator Fulbright, Appraisal of US Policy in the Dominican Republic Soviet Reaction to the Baghdad Pact American Views on the Situation in China Dean Acheson, United States Position on China Andrei A. Gromyko, On American Intervention in Korea Report of the United Nations Commission on Korea Vietnamese Declaration of Independence The Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference: On Restoring Peace in Indochina The Manifesto of the Laodong Party Dwight D. Eisenhower, Letter to Ngo Dinh Diem Viet Cong Program Charles de Gaulle, France's Attitude Toward US Policy in Vietnam The Tonkin Gulf Incident The Tonkin Bay Resolution North Vietnamese Aggression US State Department, Aggression from the North Lyndon Johnson and Ho Chi Minh, Letter Exchange John Kerry, Vietnam Veterans Against the War Statement Joseph McCarthy, The History of George Catlett Marshall Ronald Reagan, A Time for Choosing Lyndon Johnson, The War on Poverty Dwight D. Eisenhower, Farewell to the Nation Students for a Democratic Society, Port Huron Statement Mario Savio: Obituary The Yalta Conference US Department of State Press Statement, On the European Common Market and the Free Trade Area Charles de Gaulle, Le Grand "Non": Britain's Proposed Entry Into the Common Market Sir William Beveridge, Social and Allied Services (The Beveridge Report) Let Us Face the Future: A Declaration of Labour Policy for the Consideration of the Nation G. R. Strauss, Minister of Supply, Speech Delivered on Nationalising the Iron and Steel Industry Winston Churchill, Conservative Party Principles Federal Republic of Germany, Basic Law Charles de Gaulle, Speech at Constantine, Algeria Charles de Gaulle, Europe and Its Role in World Affairs Maurice Couve de Murville, France's View of the Atlantic Alliance and NATO The Spaniard's Charter The Spanish Act of Succession Principles of the Spanish National Movement Nikita Khrushchev, Secret Speech: On the Cult of Personality The Warsaw Pact Soviet Statement: Friendship and Co-operation Between the Soviet Union and Other Socialist States Chinese Communist Party: The Leaders of the CPSU are the Greatest Splitters of Our Time The Romanian Workers' Party, Statement on the Sino-Soviet Dispute Pravda, The Anti-Soviet Policy of Communist China Sixteen Political, Economic, and Ideological Points Hungary 1956 Trybuna Ludu, Clear Current and Scum COMINFORM Communique: Resolution of the Information Bureau Concerning the Communist Party of Yugoslavia The "Loi-Cadre" of June 23, 1956 United Nations, Declaration on Granting Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples President Sukarno of Indonesia, Speech at the Opening of the Bandung Conference Prime Minister Nehru, Speech to Bandung Conference Political Committee Anwar el-Sadat, Afro-Asian Solidarity and the World Mission of the Peoples of Africa and Asia British Government Statement, Policy in India Jawaharlal Nehru, Speech on the Granting of Indian Independence Declaration of Pakistan and India on Jammu and Kashmir Mao Zedong, The People's Democratic Dictatorship Statement of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party The Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Lu Ting-yi, Let Flowers of Many Kinds Blossom, Diverse Schools of Thought Contend! China Gets the Bomb Lin Piao, The Nature of People's War Mao Tse-Tung's Thought is the Telescope and Microscope of Our Revolutionary Cause George Marshall, American Views on the Situation in China The Constitution of Japan Tanaka Kotaro, In Search of Truth and Peace U Nu, Burma Looks Ahead The Manila Accord The National Party's Colour Policy UN Resolution 1598, On Race Conflict in South Africa A. L. Geyer, The Case for Apartheid Umkhonto we Sizwe, We are at War! Jomo Kenyatta, The Kenya Africa Union is Not the Mau Mau All-African People's Conference, Resolution on Imperialism and Colonialism U Thant, The Congo Problem Charter of the Organisation of African Unity Rhodesia, Unilateral Declaration of Independence Documents Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, African Development and Foreign Aid Tanzania, The Arusha Declaration Kwame Nkrumah, I Speak of Freedom UN General Assembly Resolution 181, The Partition of Palestine Abdel Nasser, Denouncement of the Proposal for a Canal Users' Association Taha Hussein, The Future of Culture in Egypt Operation Pan-America John F. Kennedy, On the Alliance for Progress Alberto Lleras, Report on the Alliance for Progress Inter-American Committee, Problems of Latin America Juan Domingo Peron, Justicialism Eva Duarte de Peron, History of Peronism Fidel Castro, Second Declaration of Havana National Organization for Women, Statement of Purpose Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka James Baldwin, My Dungeon Shook George C. Wallace, The Civil Rights Movement: Fraud Sham and Hoax Robert F. Kennedy, On the Death of Martin Luther King The Black Panther Party Platform Homosexuals in Government The Ottaviani Intervention A Modern Relic Certificate Paul Tillich, The Courage to Be John F. Kennedy, The Space Challenge

The New European Alliance Systems in the 1950s and 1960s Decolonization in the Middle East The New Europe

Russia/Eastern Europe I: A somewhat poignant legacy of the collapse of the Soviet Union is this abandoned skating rink in Almaty, Kasakhstan. It was in this rink and on an adjacent ski jump in the mountains of Central Asia that the Soviet Union trained its best athletes to win international competitions for gold medals and glory during the Cold War. Here we sense the ghosts of former Soviet skaters, subsidized darlings of the empire, as they attempt the difficult triple jump. Western Europe III: This building outside of Paris, constructed by the famed French architect Le Corbusier, epitomizes the modernist style of "function over form" and shows the characteristic unadorned simple lines and white color preferred by the internationalists. Western Europe IV: The Berlin Wall was erected by the government of East Germany in 1961 to reduce the flow of people across the border into the western sector of Berlin. It was dismantled in 1989 as Communist governments collapsed throughout Eastern Europe. Here we see a small portion of the remaining wall, as most of it was gleefully destroyed. Checkpoint Charlie marked the dividing point between the U.S. and Soviet zones in Berlin and is best remembered today for the sign at the border which read, "YOU ARE NOW LEAVING THE AMERICAN SECTOR." This remaining shell of a tower of the Memorial Church in Berlin, badly damaged by Allied bombing during World War II, has been intentionally preserved in its existing state as a daily reminder of the horrors of war. Adjacent to it we see a modern tower which symbolizes German renewal and a monument to peace arising from the ashes of the past. Charles de Gaulle

Cold War and a New Western World, 1945-1970

The Contemporary Western World (Since 1970)

1945 Nazism defeated in Berlin 1945 Atomic bombs fall on cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan 1947 India gains independence from Britain in New Delhi 1947 Transistor invented at Murray Hill, New Jersey 1948 Israel declares independence, achieves statehood 1949 Communists win in China (Beijing) 1949 Computer age begins 1957 Soviets launch Sputnik 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring 1975 United States loses Vietnam conflict

Click here to access a list of articles about decolonization Find similar articles by: entering the search term "decolonization" in the Subject Guide. Click here to access a list of articles about this time period Find similar articles by: entering the search terms "European Union" in the Subject Guide, and then go to subdivision "History."