Glossary

American Passages: A History of the United States, Brief, 1st Edition
Ayers, Gould, Oshinsky, Soderlund

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Jim Crow laws: Laws passed by southern states mandating racial segregation in public facilities of all kinds.

jingoist: A nationalist in Britain, the United States, Germany, France, or Japan in the 1890s. A jingoist thought that a swaggering foreign policy and willingness to go to war would enhance a nation's glory. Constantly on the alert for insults to their country's honor, jingoists were swift to call for military retaliation.

joint resolution: An act passed by both houses of Congress with a simple majority rather than the two-thirds majority in the Senate.

joint stock company: A form of business organization that resembled a modern corporation. Individuals invested in the company through the purchase of shares. One major difference between then and today was that each stockholder had one vote regardless of how many shares he owned. The first permanent English colonies in North America were established by joint stock companies.

journeyman: A wage-earning craftsman.

judicial review: The Supreme Court's power or practice to rule on the constitutionality of congressional acts.