Glossary

American Passages: A History of the United States, Brief, 1st Edition
Ayers, Gould, Oshinsky, Soderlund

New Diplomacy: Wilson's vision of foreign affairs and a world order in which relations between nations would be governed by negotiation rather than war. Justice would replace power as a fundamental principle of diplomacy.

New Freedom: The Wilsonian philosophy that called for a temporary concentration of government power to dismantle the trusts.

New Nationalism: Roosevelt's far-reaching program that called for a strong federal government to stabilize the economy, protect the weak, and restore social harmony.

napalm: Chemical that burned both foliage and humans and allowed the Air Force to bomb new targets in North Vietnam.

nativism: An attitude that favors the interest of native-born Americans over immigrants.

naturalization: The process by which people born in a foreign country are granted full citizenship with all of its rights.

naval stores: Items such as pitch, resin, turpentine, and lumber that were used to manufacture ships. Most of them were obtained from pine trees.

neo-Federalist: A nationalist Republican who favored many Federalist economic programs, such as a protective tariff and a national bank.

neoconservatives: Prestigious group of intellectuals, many of whom had been anticommunist liberals during the 1950s and 1960s. Many of them renounced their liberal heritage on social issues. They offered intellectual subsistence to a new generation of conservationists.

neolithic: The period known also as the late Stone Age. Agriculture developed, and stone, rather than metal, tools were used.

new lights: A term used to describe prorevival Congregationalists. Old lights were antirevival Congregationalists.

new sides: A term used to describe evangelical Presbyterians. Old sides were anti-revival Presbyterians.

nickelodeons: Early movies that cost a nickel, usually lasted fifteen minutes, and required no knowledge of the English language.

nonimportation: Agreements not to import goods from England. They agreements were designed to put pressure on the British economy and force the repeal of unpopular parliamentary acts. They affected only exports from Britain.

normal school: State colleges that were established for the training of teachers.

nullification: According to this, the Union was a voluntary compact between sovereign states, states were the ultimate judges of the validity of federal law, and states could break the compact if they wished. They could nullify it within the border of that state. This process would be called nullification.