If you'd like to print out this page, click the Print button above. Alternatively, you may click the printer icon on your browser's toolbar, or choose File>Print from the menu.     1. Why did the Gracchi fail in their efforts to reform the Roman Republic? Your answer should include the following points: Many Senators were landowners and they did not want to lose their property. Senators also felt threatened by the proposal to include others, not just Senators, to serve as jurors Proposal to admit Italian allies as citizens was more than they wanted to share. 2. How did the Marion reform of the army help to create a situation in which men like Pompey, Caesar, and Octavian could threaten the integrity of the state? Your answer should include the following points: Thousands of poor could now serve in the military without owning land. These new soldiers were dependent on their commanders for pay and retirement. This was used as power by the commanders to control the armies and threaten the government. 3. Describe the basic policies of Augustus. Your answer should include the following points: Augustus’s policies that resulted in the pax romana included: Improved provincial government and appointed men of ability without regard to their origins. Improved tenements, established fir and police services and improved water supply. Made these improvements without taxing citizens (used money from gaining Egypt). 4. What were the major causes of political instability under early emperors? Your answer should include the following points: Weakness of the Augustan system was that an erratic or incompetent ruler could be removed only by force which led to instability. Too much power given to the emperors rendered the Senate ineffectual. Commanders held power over their own armies and could threaten the government. 5. What was the relationship between slave and free labor in the cities of the empire? Your answer should include the following points: Slaves were valuable to their owners as property and they were plentiful. This kept the pay low for free laborers, who were poor. It also kept them from getting work—unless the work was considered too dangerous for slaves. Many slaves learned a trade, supplemented their income, bought their freedom and later became wealthy, using business connections from their masters. Due to these benefits of slavery, many slaves actually preferred their life compared to free laborers.