The Beginnings of the Feudal Age   Chapter 8 begins by describing the great raids of the 9th and 10th centuries and the military tactics developed to contain them. The need to pay for these innovations led to the emergence of feudal institutions and to an expansion of manorialism even in some of those places untouched by feudalism. Together, feudalism and manorialism became the dominant institutions of medieval Europe and profoundly influenced the development of politics and social attitudes until well into modern times. After analyzing feudalism, manorialism, and the social and economic structures of no-feudal Europe, the chapter concludes with a brief description of politics in the feudal monarchies of the high middle ages: France, Norman England, and the German Empire.