Suggestions for Further Reading:

African American Religions

Austin, Allan D. African Muslims in Antebellum America: Transatlantic Stories and Spiritual Struggles. New York: Routledge, 1997.

Baer, Hans A., and Singer, Merrill. African-American Religion in the Twentieth Century: Varieties of Protest and Accommodation. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992.

Brown, Karen McCarthy. Mama Lola: A Vodou Priestess in Brooklyn. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.

Frazier, E. Franklin.The Negro Church in America. New York: Schocken Books, 1964.

Fulop, Timothy E., and Raboteau, Albert J., eds. African-American Religion: Interpretive Essays in History and Culture. New York: Routledge, 1997.

Gardell, Mattias. In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam. C. Eric Lincoln Series on the Black Experience. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996.

Jacobs, Claude F., and Kaslow, Andrew J. The Spiritual Churches of New Orleans: Origins, Beliefs, and Rituals of an African-American Religion. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991.

Johnson, Paul E., ed. African-American Christianity: Essays in History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.

Levine, Lawrence W. Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.

Lincoln, C. Eric, and Mamiya, Lawrence H. The Black Church in the African American Experience. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990.

Long, Charles H. Significations: Signs, Symbols, and Images in the Interpretation of Religion. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1986.

Marsh, Clifton E. From Black Muslims to Muslims: The Transition from Separatism to Islam, 1930 -- 1980. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1984.

Murphy, Joseph M. Santeria. An African Religion in America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1988.

Pitts, Walter F., Jr. 0 Ship of Zion: The Afro-Baptist Ritual in the African Diaspora. Religion in America Series. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Raboteau, Albert J. A Fire in the Bones: Reflections on African-American Religious History. Boston: Beacon Press, 1995.

_____. Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.

Ray, Benjamin C. African Religions: Symbol, Ritual, and Community. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1976.

Sanders, Cheryl J. Saints in Exile: The Holiness-Pentecostal Experience in African American Religion and Culture. Religion in America Series. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Thompson, Robert Farris. Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy. New York: Random House, 1983.

Watts, Jill. God, Harlem U.S.A.; The Father Divine Story. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.

Wilmore, Gayraud S. Black Religion and Black Radicalism: An Interpretation of the Religious History of Afro-American People. 2d ed. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1983.